NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2023 NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2023 3 MATERIAL ACCOUNTING POLICY INFORMATION (CONT’D) 3.18 Income tax Tax expense comprises current and deferred tax. Tax expense is recognised in profit or loss except to the extent that it relates to a business combination, or items recognised directly in equity or in other comprehensive income. The Group has determined that interest and penalties related to income taxes, including uncertain tax treatments, do not meet the definition of income taxes, and therefore accounted for them under SFRS(I) 1-37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets. Current tax is the expected tax payable or receivable on the taxable income or loss for the year, measured using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date, and any adjustment to tax payable in respect of previous years. The amount of current tax payable or receivable is the best estimate of the tax amount expected to be paid or received that reflects uncertainty related to income taxes, if any. Current tax also includes any tax arising from dividends. Current tax assets and liabilities are offset only if certain criteria are met. Deferred tax is recognised in respect of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for taxation purposes. Deferred tax is not recognised for: • temporary differences on the initial recognition of assets or liabilities in a transaction that – is not a business combination and – at the time of the transaction (i) affects neither accounting nor taxable profit or loss and (ii) does not give rise to equal taxable and deductible temporary differences; • temporary differences related to investments in subsidiaries, associates and joint arrangements to the extent that the Group is able to control the timing of the reversal of the temporary difference and it is probable that they will not reverse in the foreseeable future; and • taxable temporary differences arising on the initial recognition of goodwill. The measurement of deferred taxes reflects the consequences that follow the manner in which the Group expects, at the reporting date, to recover the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities. Deferred tax is measured at the tax rates that are expected to be applied to the temporary differences when they reverse, based on the laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the reporting date. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset only if certain criteria are met. Deferred tax assets are recognised for unused tax losses, unused tax credits and deductible temporary differences to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which they can be used. Future taxable profits are determined based on the reversal of relevant taxable temporary differences. If the amount of taxable temporary differences is insufficient to recognise a deferred tax asset in full, then future taxable profits, adjusted for reversals of existing temporary differences, are considered, based on the business plans for individual subsidiaries in the Group. Deferred tax assets are reviewed at each reporting date and are reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that the related tax benefit will be realised; such reductions are reversed when the probability of future taxable profits improves. 3 MATERIAL ACCOUNTING POLICY INFORMATION (CONT’D) 3.18 Income tax (cont’d) In determining the amount of current and deferred tax, the Group takes into account the impact of uncertain tax positions and whether additional taxes and interest may be due. The Group believes that its accruals for tax liabilities are adequate for all open tax years based on its assessment of many factors, including interpretations of tax law and prior experience. This assessment relies on estimates and assumptions and may involve a series of judgements about future events. New information may become available that causes the Group to change its judgement regarding the adequacy of existing tax liabilities; such changes to tax liabilities will impact tax expense in the period that such a determination is made. Global minimum top-up tax The Group has determined that the global minimum top-up tax – which it is required to pay under Pillar Two legislation – is an income tax in the scope of SFRS(I) 1-12. The Group has applied a temporary mandatory relief from deferred tax accounting for the impacts of the top-up tax and accounts for it as a current tax when it is incurred. 3.19 Earnings per share The Group presents basic and diluted earnings per share (EPS) data for its ordinary shares. Basic EPS is calculated by dividing the profit or loss attributable to ordinary shareholders of the Company by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the year. Diluted EPS is determined by adjusting the profit or loss attributable to ordinary shareholders of the Company and the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding, adjusted for own shares held, for the dilutive effect arising from the conversion of the non-redeemable convertible non-cumulative preference shares. 3.20 Segment reporting An operating segment is a component of the Group that engages in business activities from which it may earn revenue and incur expenses, including revenue and expenses that relate to transactions with any of the Group’s other components. All operating segments’ operating results are reviewed regularly by the Board of Directors and Group Chief Executive Officer (CEO) to make decisions about resources to be allocated to the segment and assess its performance, and for which discrete financial information is available. Segment results that are reported to the Group’s Board of Directors and Group CEO include items directly attributable to a segment as well as those that can be allocated on a reasonable basis. Unallocated items comprise mainly tax assets and liabilities. Segment capital expenditure is the total cost incurred during the year to acquire property, plant and equipment, investment property and intangible assets. 3.21 New accounting standards and interpretations not adopted A number of new accounting standards and amendments to standards are effective for annual periods beginning after 1 January 2023 and earlier application is permitted. Except as disclosed in note 2.5, the Group has not early adopted the new or amended standards in preparing these financial statements. The Group is in the process of assessing the impact of the new accounting standards and amendments to standards on its financial statements. FINANCIALS FINANCIALS ANNUAL REPORT 2023 CITY DEVELOPMENTS LIMITED 159 158
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