NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2023 NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2023 3 MATERIAL ACCOUNTING POLICY INFORMATION (CONT’D) 3.6 Financial instruments (cont’d) (ii) Classification and subsequent measurement (cont’d) Non-derivative financial assets: Subsequent measurement and gains and losses Financial assets at FVTPL These assets are subsequently measured at fair value. Net gains and losses, including any interest or dividend income, are recognised in profit or loss. Financial assets at amortised cost These assets are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method. The amortised cost is reduced by impairment losses. Interest income, foreign exchange gains and losses and impairment are recognised in profit or loss. Any gain or loss on derecognition is recognised in profit or loss. Debt investments at FVOCI These assets are subsequently measured at fair value. Interest income calculated under the effective interest method, foreign exchange gains and losses and impairment are recognised in profit or loss. Other net gains and losses are recognised in OCI. On derecognition, gains and losses accumulated in OCI are reclassified to profit or loss. Equity investments at FVOCI These assets are subsequently measured at fair value. Dividends are recognised as income in profit or loss unless the dividend clearly represents a recovery of part of the cost of the investment. Other net gains and losses are recognised in OCI and are never reclassified to profit or loss. Non-derivative financial liabilities: Classification, subsequent measurement and gains and losses Financial liabilities are classified as measured at amortised cost or FVTPL. A financial liability is classified as at FVTPL if it is classified as held for trading or it is designated as such on initial recognition. Financial liabilities at FVTPL are measured at fair value and net gains and losses, including any interest expense, are recognised in profit or loss. Directly attributable transaction costs are recognised in profit or loss as incurred. Other financial liabilities are initially measured at fair value less directly attributable transaction costs. They are subsequently measured at amortised cost under the effective interest method. Interest expense and foreign exchange gains and losses are recognised in profit or loss. (iii) Derecognition Financial assets The Group derecognises a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the financial asset expire, or it transfers the rights to receive the contractual cash flows in a transaction in which either substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset are transferred, or the Group neither transfers nor retains substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership and it does not retain control of the financial asset. Transferred assets are not derecognised when the Group enters into transactions whereby it transfers assets recognised in its statement of financial position, but retains either all or substantially all of the risks and rewards of ownership of the transferred assets. 3 MATERIAL ACCOUNTING POLICY INFORMATION (CONT’D) 3.6 Financial instruments (cont’d) (iii) Derecognition (cont’d) Financial liabilities The Group derecognises a financial liability when its contractual obligations are discharged or cancelled, or when they expire. The Group also derecognises a financial liability when its terms are modified and the cash flows of the modified liability are substantially different, in which case a new financial liability based on the modified terms is recognised at fair value. On derecognition of a financial liability, the difference between the carrying amount extinguished and the consideration paid (including any non-cash assets transferred or liabilities assumed) is recognised in profit or loss. Interest rate benchmark reform When the basis for determining the contractual cash flows of a financial asset or financial liability measured at amortised cost changes as a result of interest rate benchmark reform, the Group updates the effective interest rate of the financial asset or financial liability to reflect the change that is required by the reform. No immediate gain or loss is recognised. A change in the basis for determining the contractual cash flows is required by interest rate benchmark reform if the following conditions are met: – the change is necessary as a direct consequence of the reform; and – the new basis for determining the contractual cash flows is economically equivalent to the previous basis – i.e. the basis immediately before the change. When changes were made to a financial asset or financial liability in addition to changes to the basis for determining the contractual cash flows required by interest rate benchmark reform, the Group first updates the effective interest rate of the financial asset or financial liability to reflect the change that is required by interest rate benchmark reform. After that, the Group applies the policies on accounting for modifications to the additional changes. (iv) Cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash balances and bank deposits. For the purpose of the statement of cash flows, restricted cash is excluded whilst bank overdrafts that are repayable on demand and form an integral part of the Group’s cash management are included in cash and cash equivalents. (v) Derivative financial instruments and hedge accounting The Group holds derivative financial instruments to hedge its foreign currency and interest rate risk exposures. Embedded derivatives are separated from the host contract and accounted for separately if the host contract is not a financial asset and certain criteria are met. Derivatives are initially measured at fair value and any directly attributable transaction costs are recognised in profit or loss as incurred. Subsequent to initial recognition, derivatives are measured at fair value, and changes therein are generally recognised in profit or loss. The Group designates certain derivatives and non-derivative financial instruments as hedging instruments in qualifying hedging relationships. FINANCIALS FINANCIALS ANNUAL REPORT 2023 CITY DEVELOPMENTS LIMITED 147 146
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